This paper analyses the calculation principles used for determining the level and differentiation of HGV charges in Germany. It demonstrates that calculating average cost-based charges is far from straightforward, even with an agreed methodology, and involves sensitive methodological choices....

This paper analyses the differences in the efficiency of using subsidies for franchised regional rail services between the federal states in Germany, and provides evidence on the impact of procurement strategies and contractual design on the efficient use of funds. The analysis is based on a...

This paper compares three European countries with long experience of competition in rail transport - Britain, Sweden, and Germany. Given the nature of the reforms undertaken, we would expect the British approach to be the most successful, with Sweden next and Germany least successful. But an...

This paper analyses the relationship between traffic volume and maintenance costs, and derives estimates for the cost elasticity and the marginal maintenance cost for pricing decisions. Two types of multi-output cost functions were estimated: a translog form and a hybrid form with output...