We argue that prevailing technologies for bus fare payment and boarding rules make boarding and alighting time t - usually treated as an exogenous parameter - a relevant decision variable in the optimisation of bus services. We show that diminishing t reduces optimal bus frequency and increases...

Within the context of transport cost functions, network variables have been traditionally used to calculate what is called economies of scale (RTS) as opposed to those of density (RTD). This paper argues that increasing network size is unambiguously associated with an increase in the number of...