We argue that prevailing technologies for bus fare payment and boarding rules make boarding and alighting time t - usually treated as an exogenous parameter - a relevant decision variable in the optimisation of bus services. We show that diminishing t reduces optimal bus frequency and increases...

The objective of this paper is to chart the productivity of Spanish port terminals, which are private firms under concession and can be regarded as representative of medium size firms worldwide so as to evaluate the effects of different regulatory reforms applied in the 1990s. We perform a...

A recent survey found that 40 per cent of vessels arrive later than planned, so demand uncertainty is a salient feature of port terminal activity. Terminals facing greater demand uncertainty and that wish to cater for this will incur extra costs to avoid the risk that shipping companies replace...

The purpose of this paper is to further an understanding of the port sector through a systematic analysis of the existing studies assessing the economic efficiency and productivity of the sector. The emphasis is on the measurement methodologies, the variables used and the results in terms of the...