This paper highlights the importance of modelling the interaction between returns to scale/density and heterogeneity of services when evaluating optimal size and structure of passenger rail operations. We propose and estimate a hedonic cost function which allows us to incorporate measures of...

This paper applies econometric methods to estimate marginal track maintenance cost in Britain - for the first time. The British case is the most radical example of rail reform in the world, and the 2005 Railway Act has resulted in a new and unique regulatory process for determining funding and...

A major concern with the derivation of willingness to pay (WTP) distributions from mixed logit models is the incidence of values over a range that are deemed 'behaviourally questionable', with respect to the sign and magnitude. Recent research in redefining the 'space' within which a choice...

A growing number of empirical studies involve the assessment of influences on a choice amongst ordered discrete alternatives. Ordered logit and probit models are well known, including extensions to accommodate random parameters and heteroscedasticity in unobserved variance. This paper extends...

This paper investigates factors likely to increase a person's risk of social exclusion, drawing on survey data specifically framed for this purpose. We use a generalised ordered logit model that accounts for observed and unobserved heterogeneity and derive the marginal effects for each...