sanctioned markets, while, importantly, the lifting of sanctions is not found to yield symmetric trade recovery effects …. Additionally, sanctions effects are very heterogeneous. Firms that depend more on trade finance instruments are more strongly …How do exporting firms react to sanctions? Specifically, which firms are willing - or capable - to serve the market of …

trade restrictions, we provide further evidence on the indirect effects of sanctions. Analysing the impact on broader …In this paper, we use a novel firm level dataset for Germany to investigate the effect of sanctions on export behaviour … and performance of German firms. More specifically, we study the sanctions imposed by the EU against Russia in 2014 in …

account for. In particular, consistent with the empirical evidence we find that trade liberalization leads to a higher exit … do not export. We also find that trade iberalization promotes economic growth and that it has the opposite effect of … retarding economic growth in a closely comparable growth model with Melitz-type assumptions. -- Trade liberalization …

This paper explores the role of pooled-producer, e.g. private label, trade intermediation in shaping the range and … diversity of exports. Direct sales maintain a firm's unique product characteristics ('brand equity'), whereas trade through an … trade variety for volume, firms face greater competition from the new pooled-products, and intermediaries capture much of …