Given different legal regimes which govern the global and regional trading systems, the WTO as such cannot stop the proliferation of RTAs. Nevertheless, the WTO can oversee them through its political and judicial review procedures. Notably, Article XXIV of the GATT, Article V of the GATS and the...

Indirect subsidization of domestic industries can occur where, for example, a financial contribution is provided to one entity but the associated benefit goes to another. This may materialize where (1) a financial contribution to an upstream producer results in a benefit to a downstream...

Nevertheless, they kept up efforts to form various integration schemes, such as the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. The Customs Union was basically the first successful case of economic integration among CIS countries. The formation of the trilateral union was completed by...