In this paper, we address the question of the early careers of French PhD graduates in science and engineering sciences in 1996. Post-doctoral training was initially developed for PhD graduates wishing to embark on a career in the public sector. However, a large proportion of post-doctorate...

The labour markets of the centrally planned economies of Central Europe (the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland) were divided into several segments. Using estimates taken from a two-regime model, we show that segmentation has persisted throughout the first years of systemic change....