mothers and fathers and analyzes whether gender gaps in occupational status are more extreme for immigrant populations. Using … between mothers’ and fathers’ probabilities of employment in the highest status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany …, particularly for immigrant mothers, Germany’s gender gaps in professional occupations are consistently larger than gaps in the US. [...] …

Mothers' employment and earnings partly depend on social policies and cultural norms supporting work-family balance …

Although many have expressed concern over whether generous welfare policies discourage the employment of single mothers … the case even though much previous scholarship has examined the effects of social policy on women's and mothers' labor … only appear significant for young single mothers, and this evidence is limited as well. We find contradictory evidence for …

, with childless women and men (including fathers) employed at substantially higher levels than mothers in most countries. We … focus on the cross-national variation in the gap in employment participation and working time between mothers and women … working hours between mothers and childless women, while the length of job protected leave is associated with larger …

poverty with a multi-level analysis across 18 affluent democracies. Although single mothers are disproportionately poor in all …. By far, the U.S. has the highest rate of poverty among single mothers. The analyses show that single mother poverty is a …. Although debates often focus on altering the behavior or characteristics of single mothers, welfare universalism could be an …

Although mothers are increasingly joining the labor force, employers continue to pay mothers less than non-mothers and … bias against mothers in all countries except the Netherlands and a bias toward fathers in all countries except the …