The tariff calculations of transport requests by carriers often depend on distance, load, and/or time. In case external carriers are used for shipping, these different calculations can be used to minimize the shipper's costs. A selection of multiple carriers during an optimization process can...

Heuristics based on dispatching rules are still widely used in practice as methods for effective scheduling systems. Despite the successful development of various novel dispatching rules for traditional job shop scheduling environments, nearly none of these has been applied to cellular...