The prohibition on monetary financing restricts the central bank financing of institutions within the public sectors of the EU and member states, thereby strengthening the budgetary discipline and the commitment to price stability as the primary objective of monetary policy. However, compliance...

The instruments applied by the ECB and the Fed1 during the crisis were based on similar principles, but as the ECB and the Fed function in different financial intermediary systems, they relied on different tools to respond to different types of challenges. Both institutions increased liquidity...

The high dependency of the domestic banking sector on foreign funds and its open on-balance-sheet foreign exchange position, as well as the considerable increase in sovereign and parent bank credit risk premia due to the sovereign debt crisis, warrant a more accurate mapping of the pricing...

During the intensifying integration of the global financial system experienced in recent years FX swap has become one of the most common financial products having the most liquid market. The scope of application of the FX swap transactions is extremely wide; they can be used for liquidity...

The Magyar Nemzeti Bank measures the trends in the liquidity of Hungarian financial markets by means of a liquidity index and a related set of liquidity sub-indices. These liquidity indices relate to the four most important domestic financial markets (the EUR/HUF spot foreign exchange market,...

The financial crisis revealed that – due to the reliance of the Hungarian banking sector on external funding – the deterioration in the liquidity position can be a significant obstacle to lending in spite of the ample forint liquidity at the system level. The Magyar Nemzeti Bank introduced...

As a result of the early repayment programme launched in the autumn of 2011, buying demand for several billions of euros arose on the side of domestic banks. The purchase of such amounts in the foreign exchange market would have alone contributed to a substantial weakening of the forint;...

Learning market participants’ policy rate expectations is a major issue for central banks. The underlying reason for this is that the interest rate expectations of market participants may themselves contain information on market participants’ perceptions of the economic prospects, which...

This article briefly presents the general practice of lending surveys aimed at revealing loan supply behaviour, as well as the literature analysing their usability. The focus of our analysis is the so-called Lending Survey (SLO), conducted by the MNB since 2003. In the context of our backtesting...

The capital adequacy regulation which came into force on 1 January 2008 for the Hungarian banking sector, in line with the Basel II directives and generally applied in the European Union, brought the novelty of distinct management of operational risk. Operational risk is defined as the risk of...