There are different types of audit, such as financial audit, regulatory audit, operational audit of performances, audit of information systems, environmental audit and others. But basically, we distinguish two types of audit which will be the main focus of attention in this work. External audit,...

Objective. The aim of this article is to show that the audits aren't perfect substitute but additional of management control. Study design. We make out from a literature review and well-known cases some propositions and we search to give credit to our principal proposition with one exploratory...

This work investigates the role and contribution of external auditing as practised in the Malaysian society during the forty year period from independence in 1957 to just before the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. It applies the political economic theory introduced by Tinker (1980)...

Optimism bias is a consistent feature associated with truck toll forecasts, à la Standard & Poor’s and the NCHRP synthesis reports. Given the persistent problem, two major sources of this bias are explored. In particular, the ignorance of operating cost as a demand-side factor and lack of...

Traceability of food products and particularly meats is increasingly advocated as a means to provide consumer confidence in credence attributes (e.g., range fed, organic, country of origin) as well as for improved quality control. In the case of food safety, where there are failures in testing...

The assumption that markets are positive linear structures moving toward stable fixed-point equilibria is not supproted by empirical investigations.This note reformulates the purest and the simplestof all Walrasian models, i. e.,a pure exchange economy, and shows that even such a simple market...

Abstract — The construction industry is still plagued by poor quality, poor workmanship, poor safety and health environment, and poor practices. The current main problem in the Malaysian Construction Industry is delayed projects under the Ninth Malaysia Plan. The idea of introducing formal...

Stress tests of financial institutions are becoming more common in the midst of a global recession and unpredictable future economic growth. We believe that apart from banks, stress tests can be conducted on hospitals as well and will have their merit. The proposed methodology for risk...

This paper computes and analyses for the first time environmental efficiencies in waste generation of 160 European regions in NUTS 2 level in seven European countries. For this reason different Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model formulations are used modeling the pollutant in the form of...

This paper uncovers the“mysterious veil”above the formulations and concerned properties of existing weighted additive data envelopment analysis (WADD) models associated with dataset standardization techniques. Based on the truth that the formulation of objective functions in WADD models...