This paper is (over the formulas) self explaining . The measurement of economies no longer by GDP alone, but by an Index that includes other important factors as well, a So-cial factors relativized GDP. This index cuts out the part of the GDP that is long term fro-zen up by social transfers...

This paper re-examines the Rouwenhorst method of approximating first-order autoregressive processes. This method is appealing because it can match the conditional and unconditional mean, the conditional and unconditional variance and the first-order autocorrelation of any AR(1) process. This...

This paper re-examines the Rouwenhorst method of approximating first-order autoregressive processes. This method is appealing because it can match the conditional and unconditional mean, the conditional and unconditional variance and the first-order autocorrelation of any AR(1) process. This...

The estimation of regressions models with two-way error component disurbances, is considered for the case where both the random effects are non-spherically distributed. The usual approach that first transforms the effects into uncorrelated ones and then applies within and between...

This paper presents a Monte-Carlo study on the practical reliability of numerical algorithms for FIML-estimation in nonlinear econometric models. The performance of different techniques of Hessian approximation in trust-region algorithms is compared regarding their "robustness" against "bad"...

The finite state Markov-Chain approximation method developed by Tauchen (1986) and Tauchen and Hussey (1991) is widely used in economics, finance and econometrics in solving for functional equations where state variables follow an autoregressive process. For highly persistent processes, the...

In this paper, we address the mathematical analysis and numerical solution of a model for pricing a defined benefit pension plan. More precisely, the benefits received by the member of the plan depend on the average salary and early retirement is allowed. Thus, the mathematical model is posed as...

This paper proposes a new method for approximating vector autoregressions by a finite-state Markov chain. The method is more robust to the number of discrete values and tends to outperform the existing methods over a wide range of the parameter space, especially for highly persistent vector...

There is an increasing tendency to use markets to induce the provision of environmental services. As such markets increase in scope, potential market participants might sell multiple environmental services. The question we consider here is whether participants in such markets should be allowed...