resulting in a risk premium and expectation errors which is systematic. The paper tests the bias in the Indian forward exchange … leads to assume the presence of risk premium. The study also finds that risk one-month contracts have lesser variability vis …

approach based upon the psychology of investors. In this approach, security expected returns are determined by both risk and …

listed shares. Our analysis concerns the risk which arises from the Markowitz mean-variance approach. Our work method will be … methods of measurement of return, risk and the other statistical properties constitute, in fact, the pillars of companies …

The management of financial risks, which is a branch of financial theory, is defined as a process that begins with risk … factors identification, continues with measurement of risk and concludes with the coverage of that risk. This work focuses on … the second phase of management process, namely the measurement of risk. This can be defined as an uncertainty which has an …