The Kyoto Protocol agreed on in 1997 allows some flexibility for developed countries in their implementations of their commitments to reduce emissions of CO<INF>2</INF> and other global warming gases. In particular developed countries may receive emission credits for facilitating international cooperation...</inf>

Environmental management requires, among other things, the incorporation of environmentally friendly technologies into production processes of environmentally friendly technologies into production processes at the producer level and the adoption of energy consumption patterns which save energy...

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In the past decade the share of cooperative R&D has increased. In this paper, using a case study of the forest industry in Canada, the antecedents of cooperative R&D and the forms it take are investigated. We show how market failures are corrected in the industry largely through industry wide...

Evidence suggests that Japan's basic research levels seem to lag behind that of the USA. This paper seeks to investigate (1) the reasons for this difference in the context of societal impact on the creation of intellectual products, (2) the influence of the different legal systems as they relate...

R&D alliances and previous experience with the sharing of intellectual property rights are expected to have significant effects on joint patenting by alliance partners. Although so far un-researched, this is both an intuitively and theoretically appealing subject because joint patenting could...

This paper explores two key research questions: (1) what are the growth trends of international research and development (R&D) collaborations in China; and (2) what factors determine the choice of international R&D alliance objectives in terms of a research or development orientation? It examines...

This article examines the effects of knowledge sharing or endogenous spillovers among R&D consortia participants on R&D competition when R&D enhances a firm's absorptive capacity. A three-stage model illustrates how different compositions of R&D consortia affect endogenous spillover rates and...

It is well known that many of the manufacturing practices advanced in Japan in the 1970s and 1980s emphasize bottom-up decision processes characterized by teams, the empowerment of multi-skilled workers on the shopfloor, demand-pull and horizontal decision mechanisms. These practices include...