The surge of international terminal operators (ITOs) gives momentum to the ongoing internationalization process in ports, and induces academic literature to investigate their overseas growth patterns. Empirical evidence shows that, although most container port operators experience regular...

Despite the interest shown by many authors in ocean carriers’ strategies and operations, only a few contributions have tried to evaluate the impact of growth strategies on firms’ performance and profitability. This article, adopting a holistic approach, measures the impact of growth...