We show in a multi-sector, heterogeneous-firm trade model that the effect of tariffs on entry, especially in the … MFN tariffs (the Uruguay Round), with two-thirds of the remainder due to preferential trade agreements and one third due … countries – would have benefited from going beyond free trade to subsidizing their imports in 1990, since their optimal tariffs …

This paper analyzes the short-run trade effects of retaliatory tariffs against agriculture and food exports from the … United States. The results indicate that these tariffs caused a substantial decline in U.S. agriculture and food exports and …

We study the macroeconomic consequences of tariffs. We estimate impulse response functions from local projections using …. The effects on output and productivity tend to be magnified when tariffs rise during expansions, for advanced economies …, and when tariffs go up, not down. Our results are robust to a large number of perturbations to our methodology, and we …

sectors. Temporary as well as permanent tariffs are discussed …

After the Civil War, Congress justified high import tariffs (relative to their prewar levels)" as necessary in order to …" proposed a tariff reduction to reduce customs revenue, the Republicans offered higher tariffs to" reduce imports and customs …

-1973. About three-quarters of the post-Smoot Hawley decline in U.S. tariffs, for example, can be attributed to higher import …

between observed bilateral trade and frictionless trade. They comprise tariffs, transportation costs and all other factors …

The theoretical debate over whether countries can and should set tariffs in response to the foreign export elasticities … exists no evidence about whether countries actually exploit their market power in trade by setting higher tariffs on goods … countries that are not members of the World Trade Organization systematically set higher tariffs on goods that are supplied …