A major policy issue in standard setting is that patents that are ex-ante not that important may, by being included … into the standard, become standard-essential patents (SEPs). In an attempt to curb the monopoly power that they create …, most standard-setting organizations require the owners of patents covered by the standard to make a loose commitment to …

effects that reflect proximity to universities or other research institutions. Using data on licensed patents from the … citations are most pronounced for exclusively licensed university patents. We interpret these findings as reflecting the … incomplete nature of licensing contracts and the need for licensees to maintain access to inventor know-how for many university …

associated with university patent licensing are detrimental to the traditional mission of US research universities. We assume a … affects future knowledge stocks, allows us to show that it is far from obvious that licensing will damage basic research and …

model that helps understand how licensing activity should be organized within large corporations. More specifically, we … compare decentralization--where the business unit using the technology makes licensing decisions--to centralized licensing …. The business unit has superior information about licensing opportunities but may not have the appropriate incentives …

The "market for innovation" -- the sale and licensing of patents -- is an often discussed source of incentives to … invest in R&D. This article presents and estimates a model of the transfer and renewal of patents that, under some … assumptions, allows us to quantify the gains resulting from the transfer of patents in the market for innovation. The gains from …

Patents are a useful but imperfect reward for innovation. In sectors like pharmaceuticals, where monopoly distortions … seem particularly severe, there is growing international political pressure to identify alternatives to patents that could …

evidence from our survey of 62 US research universities. We find that the TTOs reported licensing objectives are influenced by …

, especially as to patent licensing. We interpret case law and commentary to arrive at three unifying principles for acceptable … created by the invention. Minimalism' holds that licensing contracts should not contain more restrictions than are necessary …

The paper builds a tractable model of a patent pool, an agreement among patent owners to license a set of their patents … welfare. It shows that requiring pool members to be able to independently license patents matters if and only if the pool is … pools. The paper then undertakes a number of extensions. It evaluates the external test' according to which patents with …