for police unions provides a unique opportunity to examine these theories, as the police officers either receive their … requested wage or receive a lower one. In the months after New Jersey police officers lose in arbitration, arrest rates and … wage is further from the police union's demand. The findings support the idea that considerations of fairness …

We argue that the key impediment to accurate measurement of the effect of police on crime is not necessarily … simultaneity bias, but bias due to mismeasurement of police. Using a new panel data set on crime in medium to large U.S. cities … over 1960- 2010, we obtain measurement error corrected estimates of the police elasticity of the cost-weighted sum of …

applicants' intellectual ability, personality, and motivation. This allows the first experimental estimates of (i) the role of … motivation; higher wage offers also increased acceptance rates, implying a labor supply elasticity of around 2 and some degree of …

level of motivation to read. Elementary school students were mailed books weekly during the summer, mailed books and also …