of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present a wide range of evidence … from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research … increases in research effort that offset its declining productivity …

Research Joint Ventures (RJVs) are projects that combine the research resources of different firms. A sample of RJVs … competition. Partner firms undertake joint research, but if they commercialize at all, they do so separately, to avoid splitting …

contrast the two sectors along four key dimensions: (1) the nature of research (e.g., basic versus applied); (2) organizational … academic institutions and private firms. Building on prior work that has emphasized different "research missions", we also … examine how the nature of research is related to other characteristics of science within and across the two sectors …

share research results. We distinguish between two types of sharing, specific sharing in which a researcher shares her data … conference presentations). We present two simple games in which scientists research a problem of scientific merit (with an … associated prize of academic and/or commercial value). In both cases, the scientists have intermediate research results but none …