trade theory …

During the 1990s, Russia underwent an extraordinary transformation from a communist dictatorship to a multi … partner. Yet a consensus in the US circa 2000 viewed Russia as a disastrous and threatening failure, and the 1990s as a decade … this perception and the facts. In contrast to the common image, by the late 1990s Russia had become a typical middle …

) by the Nazis during World War II and long-run economic and political outcomes within Russia. Cities that experienced the … it induced in the social structure, in particular the size of the middle class, across different regions of Russia …

explain a small part of Russia's increasing wealth inequality. The biggest beneficiaries were not the so-called "oligarchs … comparable state enterprises and companies sold to incumbent managers, and helped fuel Russia's rapid growth after 1999 …