before the end of the process. Finally, we study the effect of product-market competition on patent disclosure … after the end of the process and fully exploit their bargaining leverage, then patent holders aspire to disclose always … after the end of the process. However, if a patent holder cannot rely on the other participants to always contribute to the …

The paper seeks to understand the impact of the patent system on innovation by examining shifts in the strength of … patent protection across sixty countries and a 150-year period. An examination of 177 policy changes reveals that … strengthening patent protection appears to have few positive effects on patent applications by entities in the country undertaking …

It may be advantageous to provide a variety of kinds of patent protection to heterogenous innovations. Innovations … protection in order to be encouraged. We model the problem of designing an optimal patent menu (scope and length) when the … fertility of an innovation in generating more innovations cannot be observed. The menu of patent scope can be implemented with …

. Specifically, we examine litigation rates in a sample of patents disclosed to thirteen voluntary Standard Setting Organizations … (SSOs). We find that SSO patents have a relatively high litigation rate, and that SSO patents assigned to small firms are … and find that small-firm litigation rates increase following a patent's disclosure to an SSO while those of large firms …

competition between-patents through so called therapeutic competition. We estimate that between-patent competition, most of which … producing better products under new patents. Therefore, one may divide up the source of competition facing an innovator into … within-patent competition, which results from production of the same product, and betweenpatent competition, which results …

policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study …We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider … a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size, in their capacities for innovation …

of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to … those already offering such protection the situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the incentive role of patent … might enhance, or dampen, a firm's responsiveness to the availability of product patents. The picture presented here …

technologies. How will patent protection affect this process? In this paper we first review the evidence on the role of patents for … innovation and international technology transfer in general. The literature suggests that patent protection in a host country … encourages technology transfer to that country but that its impact on innovation and development is much more ambiguous. We then …

We study how the market for innovation affects enforcement of patent rights. Conventional wisdom associates the gains … from trade with comparative advantage in manufacturing or marketing. We show that these gains imply that patent … transactions should increase litigation risk. We identify a new source of gains from trade, comparative advantage in patent …

patent histories and R&D expenditures, after controlling for other firm-specific variables including size and likelihood of …