We investigate the effects of broad-based work incentives on female crime by exploiting the welfare reform legislation … of the 1990s, which dramatically increased employment among women at risk for relying on cash assistance. We find that … welfare reform decreased female property crime arrests by 4-5%, but did not affect other types of crimes. The effects appear …

examinations, city crime rates appear unaffected by litigation. However, litigation lowers slightly both arrests per crime and the …

Black women were more likely than white women to participate in the labor force from 1870 until at least 1980 and to … stigma associated with women's work, which Goldin (1977) suggested could be traced to cultural norms rooted in slavery. In …

Black women in current cohorts ages 50 to 72 years have lower employment than similar white women, despite having had … higher employment when they were middle-aged and younger. Earlier cohorts of older black women also worked more than their … white counterparts. Although it is not surprising that white women's employment should catch up to that of black women given …

result, women's suffrage exacerbated racial inequality in education expenditures and substantially delayed relative gains in …