The pace of innovation is related both to the level of investment in innovation and the pool of knowledge from which … innovators can draw. Both of these are endogenous: Investments in innovations are affected by the pool of knowledge and the …

observed patent citations. A cohort of 1993 patentees were asked specifically about 2 patents that they had cited, and a third … placebo' patent that was similar but which they did not cite. One of the two cited inventors was also surveyed. We find that … technological relationship between the inventions. We also find a significant correlation between the number of citations a patent …

past innovations. With full patent protection, followers can catch up to the leader in their industry either by making the … simple form of licensing. Second, we show that full patent protection is not optimal from the viewpoint of maximizing the …

The paper seeks to understand the impact of the patent system on innovation by examining shifts in the strength of … patent protection across sixty countries and a 150-year period. An examination of 177 policy changes reveals that … strengthening patent protection appears to have few positive effects on patent applications by entities in the country undertaking …

How large are spatial barriers to transferring knowledge? We analyze the international operations of multinational … firms to answer this fundamental question. In our model firms can transfer bits of knowledge to their foreign affiliates in … either embodied (traded intermediates) or disembodied form (direct communication). Knowledge transfer costs interact with the …

This paper directs attention at the globalization of knowledge and knowledge creation as the fundamental global driver … of economic outcomes in today's information economy. It documents the globalization of knowledge and spread of scientific …; boosts labor standards; and influences incomes and inequality within and across countries. To the extent that knowledge is …

university scientists in which valuable tacit knowledge is transferred in both directions. We provide suggestive evidence that … scientist and (b) applied for (an eventually granted) patent with non-patent references, where these references are used …-tech firms have adopted a strategy of operating near the edge of the scientific envelope where high levels of tacit knowledge …

hypothesis, the paper examines a newly-collected data set of more than 7,000 American and British innovations at four world … patent. The discovery of the periodic table in 1869 offers an opportunity to test this idea. Exhibition data show that …