There is a long-standing debate among academics about the effect of immigration on native internal migration decisions …. If immigrants displace natives this may indicate a direct cost of immigration in the form of decreased employment … underestimate the consequences of immigration. The widespread use of such area studies for the US and other countries makes it …

native-born workers specialize in performing complementary tasks, immigration will cause natives to reallocate their task … cleaning, cooking, and building. Immigration causes natives -- who have a better understanding of local networks, rules …. Simulations show that this increased specialization mitigated negative wage consequences of immigration for less-educated native …