limit the discretion of managers. In a study of U.S. art museums, I find that this practice has grown significantly in …, museums shift their cost structures away from administration and toward program services, and they exhibit very high savings ….S. art museums may represent a reaction by contributors to the industry's high rates of financial distress, weak boards of …

Although art museums do not pay any substantial taxes, they are greatly affected by various U.S. tax rules. The … individual receives a deduction for donations of art to museums, the estate gets a deduction for bequests, and the corporation … gets a deduction for charitable gifts. Art museums also are not taxed on investment income or on some "related" business …

linked to the commercialization of agriculture and the location of the Industrial Revolution. Using monastic income at the …

Recent accounts suggest the development and commercialization of invention has become more "open." Greater division of …

commercialization with the startup. While the prevailing theory of disruptive innovation suggests that this will lead to (exclusively …) competitive commercialization and the eventual replacement of incumbents, we consider a dynamic strategy involving product market … entry before switching to a cooperative commercialization strategy. Empirical evidence from the automated speech recognition …

commercialization; entrepreneurship or licenses to established firms, as well as on probabilities of successful commercialization. We … advantage over faculty startups, and that on average the probability of successful commercialization is somewhat higher in the …

This paper studies the effect of business partners on the commercialization of nvention based ventures, and it assesses … the relative importance of partners' human and social capital on commercialization outcomes. Projects run by partnerships … were five times more likely to reach commercialization, and they had mean revenues approximately ten times greater than …

We offer empirical information on the correlates of commercialization activity for research projects funded through the …, we estimate a model of the probability of commercialization as a function of the project's ability to attract additional … sources and from own internal sources are important predictors of commercialization success, relatively more so than …

envisioned by neither proponents nor critics. I use the development and commercialization of the scanning tunneling microscope …

of these facilities affected their success in commercialization. Employing both case studies of and databases about the U …