substantial debt, have low income and low education, and limited formal employment prior to entering prison. Upon reentry, they … post-release behavior of formerly incarcerated adults. We study a natural experiment in which two separate state policy …

to changes in an individual's own criminal and arrest history. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested … to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Following an arrest, individuals commit less crime, consistent with …

rationed to only some offenders; and some institutional features (such as bad prison conditions) convert ideological …We study the re-arrest rates for two groups: individuals formerly in prison and individuals formerly under electronic …

offenders received longer sentences. The results are consistent with other interpretations of the period as the "era of the …

Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …'s criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a … assignment of criminal cases to judges who differ systematically in their stringency in sentencing defendants to prison. Using …

, incarceration creates large and lasting reductions in recidivism among first offenders. Yet, among marginal repeat offenders … first offenders while encouraging or mandating incarceration sentences for many repeat offenders. We show that methods that … fail to estimate separate outcome equations for first versus repeat offenders or fail to model judge-specific sentencing …

expansions and dismissing marginal adult charges; raising the age of majority breaks even. Eliminating prison for first …

The perception that immigration adversely affects crime rates led to legislation in the 1990s that particularly …