to collusion. Using an explicit measure of labor market collusion from unsealed court evidence, we find that the … probability of collusion between two firms increases by 12 percentage points after the onset of common leadership, compared to a …

due to the fact that an importer country should have strong economic incentives to avoid the cartelization of its … suppliers. We show that an importer country sometimes helps producer countries organize and enforce collusion to advance ….g., the Soviet Union). Moreover, using this practice, a powerful importer country can immediately share the cost of collusion …

, regardless of the underlying economic environment. Our main result establishes that screening for collusion with safe tests is a …