After decades of rising global economic integration, the world economy is now fragmenting. To measure this phenomenon …

Measured by the ratio of trade to output, the period 1870 1913 marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization …

Growth in international trade and globalization has been correlated in nearly all countries with a worsening of the … globalization in France has been a huge growth in vertical specialization -- the completion of the different production stages of a … good in different countries. By shifting relative labor demand across countries, globalization of this form could explain …

exporter and importer, their direct distance, geographic positions relative to the rest of the world and a possible linguistic …

, Europe, and Oceania for the period from 1870 to 2000 and demonstrate an overriding role for declining trade costs in the pre-World … War I trade boom. In contrast, for the post-World War II trade boom we identify changes in output as the dominant force …

This paper explores the emergence of a world economy since 1950 and its implications for the world's labor force. There …, the world economy is still in its adolescence. Rapid integration has occurred among the industrial economies, but … the industrial economies, but not in world income inequality as the income gap between the industrial and developing …

The rules governing trade and capital flows have been at the center of controversy as globalization has proceeded. One …, IMF, and World Bank meetings demanding global labor standards. Comparing the claims made in this debate with the outcomes … market. Changes in trade policy have had modest impacts on labour market. Other aspects of globalization -- immigration …