In this study, we develop an optimal inventory model for items with imperfect quality and shortage backordering. Such implicit assumption is reasonable in view of the fact that poor-quality items do exist during production. They are usually picked up during the screening process and are...

The risks on international trade have increased continuously in recent years. One such risk for Hi-tech products is the result of rapid technological innovation, which results in a significant decline in the component cost, the selling price and the demand (due to newer products introduction)....

Given the increasing saliency of special offers as a sales promotion tool, this paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the two most common payment reduction schemes, namely a decrease in the purchase price and a delay in the payment of the merchandise. Following some of the latest...