The objective of this paper is to estimate the ecological efficiency of paper mills along the Huai River in China. The main characteristic of the ecological efficiency evaluation problem is that an undesirable output of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and a non-discretionary input (BOD emission...

Product design decision has significant impacts on firm's competitive edge. In a distribution channel, product design strategy of a manufacturer depends not only on its own decisions, but also on the behaviors of its upstream and downstream partners along the channel. This paper investigates the...

Recent studies in marketing and distribution channels have shown that the balance of power between manufacturers and retailers is shifting. Based on this observation, we investigate a two-echelon supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer in this paper. We first develop retailer-dominant...