This paper used institution level information about graduate earnings and estimates of fiscal and private costs to obtain fiscal and private returns to education using an internal rate of return calculation. As data has been collected so far only on earnings trajectories for three years...

This paper presents new estimates of the returns to education in the Russian Federation. Private returns to education are three times greater for higher education compared to vocational education, and the returns to education for females are higher than for males. Returns for females show an...