Using retrospective work history data for over 50,000 men and women in Great Britain surveyed in 1975-76, the authors document the amount of vocational training occurring in a ten-year period and discuss its effects and determinants. The effects of training on occupational status are estimated...

Employees in workplaces with a closed shop get paid more than their counterparts in comparable workplaces without a closed shop. Is this pay differential a consequence of high union density or the institution of the closed ship itself? The authors' results indicate that a post-entry closed shop...