Until now there have been no national estimates of the extent of poverty in Britain at the turn of the 20th century. This paper introduces a newly-discovered household budget data set for the early 1900s that is more representative of urban working households in Britain in the period than any...

While liberalisation is designed to help growth and alleviate poverty by removing impediments that stop people and regions from specialising and trading, the process known as Core liberalisation (CL) has three components: it frees markets in goods and services, land, capital, and labour; phases...