This paper looks at the presence of barriers to competition that prevent domestic and international prices from converging. These barriers may dampen, even reverse the gains from trade liberalization. Three decades of protectionism and import substitution in the Philippines have led to high...

In view of rapid changes in the international trade and the growing complexity of the global production system, this paper reviews the government’s small and medium enterprises (SME) policies in the manufacturing sector. It shows that despite the number of policies and programs to improve firm...