In this paper, we investigated the influences of the age of papers on the preferential attachment on the basis of three actual citation networks. We found that the time dependence of the attachment rate Π(k,t) follows a uniform exponentially decreasing function, T(t)∼exp(−λt), in different...

In this paper, we investigated the preferential attachment mechanism (PAM) by considering the dynamic property in papers’ in-degree k for three citation networks. We found that the past citations obtained in different years will have different influences on papers’ attachment rate Π(k,t)....

The mean work required to drive a bistable system from one equilibrium state to another is calculated by using a Langevin simulation combined with Monte Carlo sampling. The resulting work depends not only on the proposal form but also on the temperature, because the particle subjected to thermal...