An experimental setup is developed to measure accurately and reproducibly the effective mass as well as its fluctuations at the bottom of the granular columns. It is found that the saturated mass Ms obeys a third power function of the diameter of the silos. The data obtained are in agreement...

We show a highly efficient method to control heat conduction by tuning the periodicity of the external potential. This method provides a possible design of a controlled thermal conductor which can change from a thermal conductor to a thermal insulator. The efficiency of the controlled thermal...