Imbalance between fast-growing transport demand and limited network supply has resulted in severe congestion in many transport networks. Increasing network supply or reducing transport demand could mitigate congestion, but these remedies are usually associated with high implementation cost....

Based on data from geographical information system (GIS) and daily commuting origin destination (OD) matrices, we estimated the distribution of traffic flow in the San Francisco road network and studied Braess’s paradox in a large-scale transportation network with realistic travel demand. We...