The congestion risk during escalator transfers was simulated based on a modified social force model. A four-stage transfer model was proposed. A projection strategy was employed to calculate the social forces for inclined surfaces, and a schedule-line model was proposed to calculate the targets...

A type of trampling process that is caused by picking-up activities during escalator transfers was studied in this paper. A five-stage trampling model for individual pedestrians was proposed, and the social force model was modified considering the transfer features. Several scenarios were...