Standard measures of inflation, such as changes in the Consumer Price Index, do not account for the different effects of inflation across income groups emerging from variations in consumption patterns and differences in price trends across consumption categories. This could understate the...

In the fiscal year 2018/19, 21.9 percent of the population in Pakistan lived below the national poverty line. Since then, the COVID-19 pandemic, devastating floods in 2022, and a macro-fiscal crisis with record inflation have profoundly impacted economic activity and income-earning...