Social, emotional, and behavioral skills are critical for success across life domains, yet research is constrained by a lack of internationally validated measures for adult populations. Existing tools often assess isolated skills and are predominantly validated in Western, school- aged samples....

Improving women's agency, namely their ability to define goals and act on them, is crucial for advancing gender equality and the empowerment of women. Yet, existing frameworks for women's agency measurement -- both disorganized and partial -- provide a fragmented understanding of the constraints...

Agency-the ability to define one's own goals and make choices to achieve them-is often measured through questions that capture an individual's direct involvement in decision-making. Yet not participating in decision-making may not always imply a lack of power. Drawing on the notion of effective...

Gender equality is central to economic development. This paper examines gender gaps in Burkina Faso and find that women's labor force participation is 10 percentage points lower than men's in 2019, while their wage earnings are 82 percent lower, business revenues are 61 percent lower, and value...