across and within EU countries. It is estimated that remaining non-tariff obstacles, in particular in services sectors, limit … intra-EU trade to a level about four times smaller than the intensity of trade between US states. By completing the single … market, the EU could generate significant income gains. However the more straightforward steps have already been taken, so …

to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU … budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. • The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of … the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a …