Numerous analysts have linked volunteering and participation to positive economic and political outcomes. Data from rural Peru show that volunteers have a high opportunity cost of time. They are more educated and more likely to hold a job. Other household characteristics, such as gender, marital...

Data on education in the Philippines show that there are large differences in the private rate of return to education by level: the wage premia associated with an additional year of schooling are about twice as large at the university level as they are at the primary school level. In addition,...

Geographic targeting of social programs to the poor has become increasingly important in Peru. The potential payoffs of such targeting are large, and differences in outcomes with different targeting indicators are small

"There is considerable evidence that young children in many developing countries suffer from profound deficits in nutrition, health, fine and gross motor skills, cognitive development, and socio-emotional development. Early childhood development (ECD) outcomes are important markers of the...