Fiscal policy is central to not only macroeconomic stability and growth, but also to poverty and inequality reduction … Turkey's achievements against peer countries. The results show that fiscal policy significantly reduces income inequality in … countervail the inequality-increasing impact of indirect taxes. At the bottom of the income distribution, targeted transfers are …

inequality, with government expenditures in the form of in-kind transfers leading to the largest decreases. While expenditures in …'s fiscal policies also lead to a reduction in poverty, mainly due to well-targeted direct transfers …

that foster deep and persistent poverty, such as lack of connectivity to markets, have provided a degree of protection for …