This paper explores the effect of oil shocks on electoral outcomes. Using a new polling and election data set for 207 … elections across 50 democracies, the paper shows that oil price increases systematically lower the odds of reelection for … for incumbents in the runup to reelection and a reversal in the leaning of the political party in power post-election …

an international organization, the World Bank. After randomly assigning treatment to 248 survey participants, the study … World Bank surveyors to turn to sample surveys more often, reducing survey overload in the institution …