The idea of the reforms, which the Russian government began implementing in 1992 with the approval of the Supreme Soviet, is to create a social underpinning for the new authority in Russia. The present Russian leadership considers private entrepreneurs to be this underpinning. The nation's...

The defeat of the August 1991 offensive of the old nomenklatura would seem to have cleared the way for democratic reforms in Russia. But it would take another four months before the Russian leadership would undertake to carry out its program of economic transformations. Such sluggishness and...

Neither before iperestroika/i nor during its first two or three years did social science venture to pose directly and discuss openly the question of whether the social system that has formed in the USSR is socialist. Only doubts concerning the legitimacy of such a definition of the specifics of...

Social and labor relations are in the focus of both democratization and the radical economic reform. "Our hope for revolutionary purification and rebirth," M. S. Gorbachev has said, "consists in discovering socialism's enormous social resources through the activation of the individual and the...

Until very recently, economic management relations in works by Soviet economists purporting to be politico-economic in nature have boiled down to the distribution of authority and functions within the framework of the management apparatus, including the enterprise administration. Various levels...

Scientific-technological progress is a dynamic aspect of production. It adequately reflects that stage in the latter's development to which the industrial revolution, having created the factory and the working class, gave birth, the stage that led to the beginning of the modern...

The reform that has been under way in Russia since the end of 1991 has been given many precise names: "reformist breakthrough" (B. Yeltsin), the "leap to the market" (E. Gaidar), and "economic genocide against one's own people" (A. Rutskoi). This reform is also called the robbery of the robbed....

The size of a city is commonly considered decisively to determine the nature of its problems. While this cannot be denied, this dependence should not be made an absolute. Without a doubt, there are problems inherent in the city as a type of community, that is, in any city, as opposed to a...