In the present paper, we convert the usual <italic>n</italic>-step backward recursion that arises in option pricing into a set of independent integral equations by using a <italic>z</italic>-transform approach. In order to solve these equations, we consider different quadrature procedures that transform the integral equation...

In this paper, we use credibility theory to estimate credit transition matrices in a multivariate Markov chain model for credit rating. A transition matrix is estimated by a linear combination of the prior estimate of the transition matrix and the empirical transition matrix. These estimates can...