This paper consists of two parts, a theoretical followed by an empirical contribution. We first give a new framework for fractional differencing in discrete time and show how the definition of fractional differencing that is commonly employed in empirical financial applications arises as a...

We have developed a regime switching framework to compute the Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall measures. Although Value at Risk as a risk measure has been criticized by some researchers for lack of subadditivity, it is still a central tool in banking regulations and internal risk management...

This paper consists of two parts, a theoretical followed by an empirical contribution. We first give a new framework for fractional differencing in discrete time and show how the definition of fractional differencing that is commonly employed in empirical financial applications arises as a...