Recent papers have questioned the ability of the monocentric urban model to account for urban development patterns. Most damaging are estimates of wasteful commuting that indicate actual commuting may be eight times as large as efficient commuting predicted by the strong form of the monocentric...

The indirect test implemented in this paper is based on the economics of discrimination which hypothesizes that differential treatment of borrowers, on the basis of age, race, sex, or property location, at any stage of the mortgage transaction, including prescreening, results in segregation of...