MacKay R. R. and Williams J. (2005) Thinking about need: public spending on the regions, Regional Studies 39 , 815-828. The UK Treasury accepts that need is the correct guide to spending on public services in different parts of the UK. But the formula used to decide changes in devolved spending...

W ILLIAMS J. and G ARDENER E. P. M. (2003) The efficiency of European regional banking, Reg. Studies 37 , 321-330. Financial deregulation may segment European banking into pan-national and regional tiers. Regional banking must finance productive investment to facilitate regional economic growth....