Digitization-related services and applications are based on the information and communications technology (ICT) ecosystem and encompass almost all areas of society and economic sectors nowadays and exert numerous opposing effects in regard to electricity consumption and corresponding CO2...

Global value chains (GVCs) play a crucial role in today's international trade. High value-added activities tend to cluster at the start and the end of GVCs, resulting in a U-shaped relationship across production steps known as the "smile curve". The distribution of CO2 emissions along the value...